TWO Reports Fourth Quarter 2024 Financial Results

NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--TWO (Two Harbors Investment Corp., NYSE: TWO), an MSR-focused real estate investment trust (REIT), today announced its financial results for the quarter ended December 31, 2024. Quarterly Summary Reported book value of $14.47 per common share, and declared a fourth quarter common stock dividend of $0.45 per share, representing a flat quarterly economic return on book value.(1) Incurred Comprehensive Loss of $(1.6) million, or $(0.03) per weighted average basic common share. Settled $2.5 billion in unpaid principal balance (UPB) of MSR through bulk and flow-sale acquisitions and recapture. MSR portfolio had 3-month CPR of 4.93%, weighted average gross coupon rate of 3.46%, and 60+ day delinquency rate of 0.90%. Funded $42.0 million UPB in first lien loans and brokered $32.8 million UPB in second lien loans. Annual Summary Declared dividends of $1.80 per common share. Generated 2024 total economic return on book value of 7.0%.(1) Settled $9.2 billion in UPB of MSR, or 28,093 loans, through bulk and flow-sale acquisitions and recapture. Launched direct-to-consumer recapture originations platform, funding $64.3 million UPB in first lien loans and brokering $40.2 million UPB in second lien loans. Actively managed capital structure through repurchase of 485,609 shares(2) of preferred stock and $10.0 million principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2026. “Our 2024 results highlight the benefits of our hedged MSR strategy,” said Bill Greenberg, TWO’s President and CEO. “With two-thirds of our capital allocated to low coupon MSR, our portfolio generated stable and positive cashflows, despite large fluctuations in short-term interest rates. Additionally, our ongoing enhancements at RoundPoint uniquely position us to shape our return profile beyond just owning traditional Agency securities.” “Mortgage spread volatility has significantly decreased, enhancing our portfolio’s return outlook,” stated Nick Letica, TWO’s Chief Investment Officer. “Mortgage rates are well above 6%, and prepayment rates are expected to remain slow in 2025, providing a strong positive tailwind for MSR. Combined with historically wide nominal current coupon spreads, we believe that our unique hedged MSR-centric strategy will continue to generate attractive levered returns in 2025 and beyond.” ________________ (1) Economic return on book value is defined as the increase (decrease) in common book value from the beginning to the end of the given period, plus dividends declared to common stockholders in the period, divided by common book value as of the beginning of the period. (2) Includes 35,047 Series A, 280,060 Series B and 170,502 Series C preferred shares for the year ended December 31, 2024. Operating Performance The following table summarizes the company’s GAAP and non-GAAP earnings measurements and key metrics for the fourth quarter of 2024 and third quarter of 2024: Operating Performance (unaudited) (dollars in thousands, except per common share data) Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Earnings attributable to common stockholders Earnings Per weighted average basic common share Annualized return on average common equity Earnings Per weighted average basic common share Annualized return on average common equity Comprehensive (Loss) Income $ (1,620 ) $ (0.03 ) (0.4 )% $ 19,352 $ 0.18 4.9 % GAAP Net Income (Loss) $ 264,945 $ 2.54 70.6 % $ (250,269 ) $ (2.42 ) (63.1 )% Earnings Available for Distribution(1) $ 21,181 $ 0.20 5.6 % $ 13,186 $ 0.13 3.3 % Operating Metrics Dividend per common share $ 0.45 $ 0.45 Annualized dividend yield(2) 15.2 % 13.0 % Book value per common share at period end $ 14.47 $ 14.93 Economic return on book value(3) — % 1.3 % Operating expenses, excluding non-cash LTIP amortization and certain operating expenses(4) $ 39,236 $ 36,874 Operating expenses, excluding non-cash LTIP amortization and certain operating expenses, as a percentage of average equity(4) 7.4 % 6.7 % _______________ (1) Earnings Available for Distribution, or EAD, is a non-GAAP measure. Please see page 11 for a definition of EAD and a reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial information. (2) Dividend yield is calculated based on annualizing the dividends declared in the given period, divided by the closing share price as of the end of the period. (3) Economic return on book value is defined as the increase (decrease) in common book value from the beginning to the end of the given period, plus dividends declared to common stockholders in the period, divided by the common book value as of the beginning of the period. (4) Excludes non-cash equity compensation expense of $1.6 million for the fourth quarter of 2024 and $1.6 million for the third quarter of 2024 and certain operating expenses of $39 thousand for the fourth quarter of 2024 and $0.1 million for the third quarter of 2024. Certain operating expenses predominantly consists of expenses incurred in connection with the company’s ongoing litigation with PRCM Advisers LLC. Portfolio Summary As of December 31, 2024, the company’s portfolio was comprised of $10.4 billion of Agency RMBS, MSR and other investment securities as well as their associated notional debt hedges. Additionally, the company held $4.4 billion bond equivalent value of net long to-be-announced securities (TBAs). The following tables summarize the company’s investment portfolio as of December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024: Investment Portfolio (dollars in thousands) Portfolio Composition As of December 31, 2024 As of September 30, 2024 (unaudited) (unaudited) Agency RMBS $ 7,376,965 71.1 % $ 8,514,041 74.7 % Mortgage servicing rights(1) 2,994,271 28.9 % 2,884,304 25.3 % Other 3,734 — % 3,859 — % Aggregate Portfolio 10,374,970 11,402,204 Net TBA position(2) 4,468,904 5,043,877 Total Portfolio $ 14,843,874 $ 16,446,081 ________________ (1) Based on the prior month-end’s principal balance of the loans underlying the company’s MSR, increased for current month purchases. (2) Represents bond equivalent value of TBA position. Bond equivalent value is defined as notional amount multiplied by market price. Accounted for as derivative instruments in accordance with GAAP. Portfolio Metrics Specific to Agency RMBS As of December 31, 2024 As of September 30, 2024 (unaudited) (unaudited) Weighted average cost basis(1) $ 101.17 $ 101.39 Weighted average experienced three-month CPR 7.5 % 7.2 % Gross weighted average coupon rate 5.7 % 5.8 % Weighted average loan age (months) 36 32 ______________ (1) Weighted average cost basis includes Agency principal and interest RMBS only and utilizes carrying value for weighting purposes. Portfolio Metrics Specific to MSR(1) As of December 31, 2024 As of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) (unaudited) (unaudited) Unpaid principal balance $ 200,317,008 $ 202,052,184 Gross coupon rate 3.5 % 3.4 % Current loan size $ 331 $ 333 Original FICO(2) 760 760 Original LTV 72 % 71 % 60+ day delinquencies 0.9 % 0.8 % Net servicing fee 25.3 basis points 25.3 basis points Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (unaudited) (unaudited) Fair value gains (losses) $ 82,520 $ (133,349 ) Servicing income $ 153,686 $ 161,608 Servicing costs $ 3,965 $ 4,401 Change in servicing reserves $ 610 $ (501 ) ________________ (1) Metrics exclude residential mortgage loans in securitization trusts for which the company is the named servicing administrator. Portfolio metrics, other than UPB, represent averages weighted by UPB. (2) FICO represents a mortgage industry accepted credit score of a borrower. Other Investments and Risk Management Metrics As of December 31, 2024 As of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) (unaudited) (unaudited) Net long TBA notional(1) $ 4,497,800 $ 5,064,000 Futures notional $ (3,973,400 ) $ (3,693,900 ) Interest rate swaps notional $ 16,594,467 $ 14,197,205 ________________ (1) Accounted for as derivative instruments in accordance with GAAP. Financing Summary The following tables summarize the company’s financing metrics and outstanding repurchase agreements, revolving credit facilities, warehouse facilities and convertible senior notes as of December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2024: December 31, 2024 Balance Weighted Average Borrowing Rate Weighted Average Months to Maturity Number of Distinct Counterparties (dollars in thousands, unaudited) Repurchase agreements collateralized by securities $ 7,050,057 4.90 % 1.60 18 Repurchase agreements collateralized by MSR 755,000 7.44 % 17.10 3 Total repurchase agreements 7,805,057 5.15 % 3.10 19 Revolving credit facilities collateralized by MSR and related servicing advance obligations 1,020,171 7.56 % 18.84 6 Warehouse facilities collateralized by mortgage loans 2,032 6.64 % 2.86 1 Unsecured convertible senior notes 260,229 6.25 % 12.49 n/a Total borrowings $ 9,087,489 September 30, 2024 Balance Weighted Average Borrowing Rate Weighted Average Months to Maturity Number of Distinct Counterparties (dollars in thousands, unaudited) Repurchase agreements collateralized by securities $ 8,113,400 5.20 % 2.55 18 Repurchase agreements collateralized by MSR 650,000 7.99 % 19.69 1 Total repurchase agreements 8,763,400 5.40 % 3.83 19 Revolving credit facilities collateralized by MSR and related servicing advance obligations 999,171 8.11 % 21.40 3 Warehouse facilities collateralized by mortgage loans 3,017 7.34 % 2.86 1 Unsecured convertible senior notes 259,815 6.25 % 15.52 n/a Total borrowings $ 10,025,403 Borrowings by Collateral Type As of December 31, 2024 As of September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands) (unaudited) (unaudited) Agency RMBS $ 7,049,850 $ 8,113,193 Mortgage servicing rights and related servicing advance obligations 1,775,171 1,649,171 Other - secured 2,239 3,224 Other - unsecured(1) 260,229 259,815 Total 9,087,489 10,025,403 TBA cost basis 4,493,055 5,060,417 Net payable (receivable) for unsettled RMBS 269,370 85,366 Total, including TBAs and net payable (receivable) for unsettled RMBS $ 13,849,914 $ 15,171,186 Debt-to-equity ratio at period-end(2) 4.3 :1.0 4.6 :1.0 Economic debt-to-equity ratio at period-end(3) 6.5 :1.0 7.0 :1.0 Cost of Financing by Collateral Type(4) Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 (unaudited) (unaudited) Agency RMBS 5.14 % 5.53 % Mortgage servicing rights and related servicing advance obligations(5) 8.34 % 8.93 % Other - secured 5.80 % 5.61 % Other - unsecured(1)(5) 6.93 % 6.92 % Annualized cost of financing 5.79 % 6.17 % Interest rate swaps(6) (0.34 )% (0.46 )% U.S. Treasury futures(7) (0.17 )% (0.14 )% TBAs(8) 3.67 % 3.56 % Annualized cost of financing, including swaps, U.S. Treasury futures and TBAs 4.58 % 4.73 % ____________________ (1) Unsecured convertible senior notes. (2) Defined as total borrowings to fund Agency and non-Agency investment securities, MSR and related servicing advances and mortgage loans held-for-sale, divided by total equity. (3) Defined as total borrowings to fund Agency and non-Agency investment securities, MSR and related servicing advances and mortgage loans held-for-sale, plus the implied debt on net TBA cost basis and net payable (receivable) for unsettled RMBS, divided by total equity. (4) Excludes any repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Treasuries. (5) Includes amortization of debt issuance costs. (6) The cost of financing on interest rate swaps held to mitigate interest rate risk associated with the company’s outstanding borrowings includes interest spread income/expense and amortization of upfront payments made or received upon entering into interest rate swap agreements and is calculated using average borrowings balance as the denominator. (7) The cost of financing on U.S. Treasury futures held to mitigate interest rate risk associated with the company’s outstanding borrowings is calculated using average borrowings balance as the denominator. U.S. Treasury futures income is the economic equivalent to holding and financing a relevant cheapest-to-deliver U.S. Treasury note or bond using short-term repurchase agreements. (8) The implied financing benefit/cost of dollar roll income on TBAs is calculated using the average cost basis of TBAs as the denominator. TBA dollar roll income is the non-GAAP economic equivalent to holding and financing Agency RMBS using short-term repurchase agreements. TBAs are accounted for as derivative instruments in accordance with GAAP. Conference Call TWO will host a conference call on January 30, 2025 at 9:00 a.m. ET to discuss its fourth quarter 2024 financial results and related information. To participate in the teleconference, please call toll-free (888) 394-8218 approximately 10 minutes prior to the above start time and provide the Conference Code 1186961. The conference call will also be webcast live and accessible online in the News & Events section of the company’s website at www.twoinv.com. For those unable to attend, a replay of the webcast will be available on the company’s website approximately four hours after the live call ends. About TWO Two Harbors Investment Corp., or TWO, a Maryland corporation, is a real estate investment trust that invests in mortgage servicing rights, residential mortgage-backed securities, and other financial assets. TWO is headquartered in St. Louis Park, MN. Forward-Looking Statements This release includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ from expectations, estimates and projections and, consequently, readers should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Words such as “expect,” “target,” “assume,” “estimate,” “project,” “budget,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “believe,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from expected results, including, among other things, those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and any subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, under the caption “Risk Factors.” Factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to: the state of credit markets and general economic conditions; changes in interest rates and the market value of our assets; changes in prepayment rates of mortgages underlying our target assets; the rates of default or decreased recovery on the mortgages underlying our target assets; declines in home prices; our ability to establish, adjust and maintain appropriate hedges for the risks in our portfolio; the availability and cost of our target assets; the availability and cost of financing; changes in the competitive landscape within our industry; our ability to effectively execute and to realize the benefits of strategic transactions and initiatives we have pursued or may in the future pursue; our ability to recognize the benefits of our acquisition of RoundPoint Mortgage Servicing LLC and to manage the risks associated with operating a mortgage loan servicer and originator; our decision to terminate our management agreement with PRCM Advisers LLC and the ongoing litigation related to such termination; our ability to manage various operational risks and costs associated with our business; interruptions in or impairments to our communications and information technology systems; our ability to acquire MSR and to maintain our MSR portfolio; our exposure to legal and regulatory claims; legislative and regulatory actions affecting our business; our ability to maintain our REIT qualification; and limitations imposed on our business due to our REIT status and our exempt status under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance upon any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. TWO does not undertake or accept any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement to reflect any change in its expectations or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. Additional information concerning these and other risk factors is contained in TWO’s most recent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements concerning TWO or matters attributable to TWO or any person acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements above. Non-GAAP Financial Measures In addition to disclosing financial results calculated in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), this press release and the accompanying investor presentation present non-GAAP financial measures, such as earnings available for distribution and related per basic common share measures. The non-GAAP financial measures presented by the company provide supplemental information to assist investors in analyzing the company’s results of operations and help facilitate comparisons to industry peers. However, because these measures are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, they should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, the financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. The company’s GAAP financial results and the reconciliations from these results should be carefully evaluated. See the GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation table on page 11 of this release. Additional Information Stockholders of TWO and other interested persons may find additional information regarding the company at www.twoinv.com, at the Securities and Exchange Commission’s internet site at www.sec.gov or by directing requests to: TWO, Attn: Investor Relations, 1601 Utica Avenue South, Suite 900, St. Louis Park, MN, 55416, (612) 453-4100. # # # TWO HARBORS INVESTMENT CORP. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in thousands, except share data) December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 (unaudited) ASSETS Available-for-sale securities, at fair value (amortized cost $7,697,027 and $8,509,383, respectively; allowance for credit losses $2,866 and $3,943, respectively) $ 7,371,711 $ 8,327,149 Mortgage servicing rights, at fair value 2,994,271 3,052,016 Mortgage loans held-for-sale 2,334 332 Cash and cash equivalents 504,613 729,732 Restricted cash 313,028 65,101 Accrued interest receivable 33,331 35,339 Due from counterparties 386,464 323,224 Derivative assets, at fair value 10,114 85,291 Reverse repurchase agreements 355,975 284,091 Other assets 232,478 236,525 Total Assets $ 12,204,319 $ 13,138,800 LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Liabilities: Repurchase agreements $ 7,805,057 $ 8,020,207 Revolving credit facilities 1,020,171 1,329,171 Warehouse facilities 2,032 — Term notes payable — 295,271 Convertible senior notes 260,229 268,582 Derivative liabilities, at fair value 24,897 21,506 Due to counterparties 648,643 574,735 Dividends payable 58,725 58,731 Accrued interest payable 85,994 141,773 Other liabilities 176,062 225,434 Total Liabilities 10,081,810 10,935,410 Stockholders’ Equity: Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized and 24,870,817 and 25,356,426 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($621,770 and $633,911 liquidation preference, respectively) 601,467 613,213 Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 175,000,000 shares authorized and 103,680,321 and 103,206,457 shares issued and outstanding, respectively 1,037 1,032 Additional paid-in capital 5,936,609 5,925,424 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (320,524 ) (176,429 ) Cumulative earnings 1,648,785 1,349,973 Cumulative distributions to stockholders (5,744,865 ) (5,509,823 ) Total Stockholders’ Equity 2,122,509 2,203,390 Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 12,204,319 $ 13,138,800 TWO HARBORS INVESTMENT CORP. CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (dollars in thousands, except share data) Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation Three Months Ended Year Ended December 31, December 31, 2024 2023 2024 2023 (unaudited) (unaudited) Net interest income (expense): Interest income $ 103,774 $ 122,401 $ 450,152 $ 480,364 Interest expense 138,668 168,080 607,806 643,225 Net interest expense (34,894 ) (45,679 ) (157,654 ) (162,861 ) Net servicing income: Servicing income 167,568 178,609 681,648 685,777 Servicing costs 4,575 12,029 20,069 95,488 Net servicing income 162,993 166,580 661,579 590,289 Other income (loss): Loss on investment securities (8,009 ) (82,469 ) (40,038 ) (69,970 ) Gain (loss) on servicing asset 82,520 (172,589 ) (62,674 ) (111,620 ) Gain (loss) on interest rate swap and swaption agreements 199,612 (139,234 ) 147,871 (52,946 ) Loss on other derivative instruments (55,144 ) (143,812 ) (41,017 ) (166,210 ) Gain on mortgage loans held-for-sale 558 — 1,482 — Other income 850 — 1,199 5,103 Total other income (loss) 220,387 (538,104 ) 6,823 (395,643 ) Expenses: Compensation and benefits 21,800 21,297 89,753 52,865 Other operating expenses 19,085 23,959 76,241 62,313 Total expenses 40,885 45,256 165,994 115,178 Income (loss) before income taxes 307,601 (462,459 ) 344,754 (83,393 ) Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 30,872 (29,259 ) 46,586 22,978 Net income (loss) 276,729 (433,200 ) 298,168 (106,371 ) Dividends on preferred stock (11,784 ) (12,012 ) (47,136 ) (48,607 ) Gain on repurchase and retirement of preferred stock — 519 644 2,973 Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ 264,945 $ (444,693 ) $ 251,676 $ (152,005 ) Basic earnings (loss) per weighted average common share $ 2.54 $ (4.56 ) $ 2.41 $ (1.60 ) Diluted earnings (loss) per weighted average common share $ 2.37 $ (4.56 ) $ 2.37 $ (1.60 ) Dividends declared per common share $ 0.45 $ 0.45 $ 1.80 $ 1.95 Comprehensive income (loss): Net income (loss) $ 276,729 $ (433,200 ) $ 298,168 $ (106,371 ) Other comprehensive (loss) income: Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities (266,565 ) 483,579 (144,095 ) 102,282 Other comprehensive (loss) income (266,565 ) 483,579 (144,095 ) 102,282 Comprehensive income (loss) 10,164 50,379 154,073 (4,089 ) Dividends on preferred stock (11,784 ) (12,012 ) (47,136 ) (48,607 ) Gain on repurchase and retirement of preferred stock — 519 644 2,973 Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ (1,620 ) $ 38,886 $ 107,581 $ (49,723 ) TWO HARBORS INVESTMENT CORP. INTEREST INCOME AND INTEREST EXPENSE (dollars in thousands, except share data) Three Months Ended Year Ended December 31, December 31, 2024 2023 2024 2023 (unaudited) (unaudited) Interest income: Available-for-sale securities $ 92,644 $ 103,250 $ 393,527 $ 412,310 Mortgage loans held-for-sale 49 2 78 9 Other 11,081 19,149 56,547 68,045 Total interest income 103,774 122,401 450,152 480,364 Interest expense: Repurchase agreements 112,510 123,693 468,492 474,292 Revolving credit facilities 21,597 33,258 108,623 121,124 Warehouse facilities 55 — 66 — Term notes payable — 6,478 12,426 28,994 Convertible senior notes 4,506 4,651 18,199 18,815 Total interest expense 138,668 168,080 607,806 643,225 Net interest expense $ (34,894 ) $ (45,679 ) $ (157,654 ) $ (162,861 ) TWO HARBORS INVESTMENT CORP. RECONCILIATION OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP FINANCIAL INFORMATION (dollars in thousands, except share data) Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation Three Months Ended December 31, 2024 September 30, 2024 (unaudited) (unaudited) Reconciliation of comprehensive (loss) income to Earnings Available for Distribution: Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to common stockholders $ (1,620 ) $ 19,352 Adjustment for other comprehensive loss (income) attributable to common stockholders: Unrealized loss (gain) on available-for-sale securities 266,565 (269,621 ) Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ 264,945 $ (250,269 ) Adjustments to exclude reported realized and unrealized (gains) losses: Realized loss (gain) on securities 7,001 (312 ) Unrealized loss (gain) on securities 725 (795 ) Provision (reversal of provision) for credit losses 283 (276 ) Realized and unrealized (gain) loss on mortgage servicing rights (82,520 ) 133,349 Realized (gain) loss on termination or expiration of interest rate swaps and swaptions (66,033 ) 86,310 Unrealized (gain) loss on interest rate swaps and swaptions (121,421 ) 103,012 Realized and unrealized loss on other derivative instruments 55,241 32,821 Other realized and unrealized gains (46 ) — Other adjustments: MSR amortization(1) (80,476 ) (83,619 ) TBA dollar roll income (losses)(2) 4,195 (1,156 ) U.S. Treasury futures income(3) 6,133 5,247 Change in servicing reserves 610 (501 ) Non-cash equity compensation expense 1,610 1,610 Certain operating expenses(4) 39 101 Net provision for (benefit from) income taxes on non-EAD 30,895 (12,336 ) Earnings available for distribution to common stockholders(5) $ 21,181 $ 13,186 Weighted average basic common shares 103,656,321 103,635,455 Earnings available for distribution to common stockholders per weighted average basic common share $ 0.20 $ 0.13 _____________ (1) MSR amortization refers to the portion of change in fair value of MSR primarily attributed to the realization of expected cash flows (runoff) of the portfolio, which is deemed a non-GAAP measure due to the company’s decision to account for MSR at fair value. (2) TBA dollar roll income is the economic equivalent to holding and financing Agency RMBS using short-term repurchase agreements. (3) U.S. Treasury futures income is the economic equivalent to holding and financing a relevant cheapest-to-deliver U.S. Treasury note or bond using short-term repurchase agreements. (4) Certain operating expenses predominantly consists of expenses incurred in connection with the company’s ongoing litigation with PRCM Advisers LLC. (5) EAD is a non-GAAP measure that we define as comprehensive (loss) income attributable to common stockholders, excluding realized and unrealized gains and losses on the aggregate investment portfolio, gains and losses on repurchases of preferred stock, provision for (reversal of) credit losses, reserve expense for representation and warranty obligations on MSR, non-cash compensation expense related to restricted common stock and certain operating expenses. As defined, EAD includes net interest income, accrual and settlement of interest on derivatives, dollar roll income on TBAs, U.S. Treasury futures income, servicing income, net of estimated amortization on MSR and certain cash related operating expenses. EAD provides supplemental information to assist investors in analyzing the company’s results of operations and helps facilitate comparisons to industry peers. EAD is one of several measures our board of directors considers to determine the amount of dividends to declare on our common stock and should not be considered an indication of our taxable income or as a proxy for the amount of dividends we may declare.

TWO Reports Fourth Quarter 2024 Financial Results

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